ಕರಡು:ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್

ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಿಂದ, ಇದು ಮುಕ್ತ ಹಾಗೂ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ
ಚರ್ಚಿಗೆಪೋಪ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Redirect-ವಿವಿಧ

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಉಪಯೋಗ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Infobox Christian branch ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Roman Catholicism

ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್', ಇದನ್ನು  ರೋಮನ್ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.', ಇದು ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲೇ ವಿಶಾಲವಾದಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಚರ್ಚ್ಆಗಿದ್ದು, ವಿಶ್ವದೆಲ್ಲೆಡೆಯಿಂದ ೧.೨೭1.27 ಬಿಲಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೧] ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಅತೀ ಹಳೆಯ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಪಶ್ಷಿಮ ನಾಗರೀಕತೆಯ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ವಹಿಸಿದೆ.[೨] ರೋಮ್ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಪೋಪ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ನೇತೃತ್ವ ಅವರೇ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಅವರ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳನ್ನು ನೈಸೀನ್ ಕ್ರೀಡ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ತನ್ನ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಏಳು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳಿಗೆ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹವಾದ ವಿಷೇಶತೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ [೩].

ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಒಂದು ನಿಜವಾದ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು,[೪][note ೧][೭] ಇಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಿಷಪರು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಅನುಯಾಯಿಗಳ ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ಸಂ.ಪೇತ್ರನ ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ.[೮] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ತನ್ನ ನಂಬಿಕೆ ಹಾಗೂ ನೀತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅಸ್ಖಲಿತತ್ವ(ದೋಷಾತೀತ) ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ.[೯][note ೨] The ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್, ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್,ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಪೀಠ(ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು)ಆದಂತಹ ಮೆಂಡಿಕಂಟ್ ಆದೇಶ(ಭಿಕ್ಷಬೇಡುವ ಆದೇಶ) ಮತ್ತು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಆವೃತ್ತಿ ಆದೇಶಗಳು, ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಧರ್ಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಗಳ ಮೇಲಿನ ವಿವಿಧ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.[೧೦][೧೧]

Of the ಏಳು ಸಮಸ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಯೂಕರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಲಿಟರ್ಜಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಬಲಿಪೂಜೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ,[೧೨]. ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿದ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ ಮತ್ತು ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಾರಸವು ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆದ ಧರ್ಮಗುರು ಅವರ ಆಶಿರ್ವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಅದು ಯೇಸುವಿನ ದೇಹ ಮತ್ತು ರಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಣಮಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೩] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಪರಮ ಪ್ರಸಾದವನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದ ಮತ್ತುಅನುಗ್ರಹಕ್ಕೆ ಪಾತ್ರರಾದ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತರಿಗೆ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಅನುಮತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದೆ.[೧೪]

ರೋಮನ್ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿ ಯನ್ನು ಪೂಜಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಅವರನ್ನುಸ್ವರ್ಗದ ರಾಣಿ ಎಂದು ಗುರಿತಿಸಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೇ ಹಲವಾರು ಅವತಾರಗಳಿಂದ ಮೇರಿಯ ಭಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಪೂಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.[೧೫] ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಮೇರಿಯ ನಾಲ್ಕು ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಖ‍ಯಾನಿಸಿದ್ದುಮೇರಿಯ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು: ಅವರನಿಷ್ಕಳ್ಮಷ ಗರ್ಭಧಾರಣೆ, ಅವರು ಪಾಪರಹಿತ ಗರ್ಭಧಾರಣೆ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಮೂಲ ಪಾಪ; ಅವರ ಸ್ಥಾನವುದೇವಮಾತೆ(ದೇವರ ತಾಯಿ)ಎಂದು ವರ್ಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ;[೧೬] ಅವರ ಸಾರ್ವಕಾಲಿಕ ಕನ್ಯತ್ವ; ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಅವರ ಆಮ್ಗಿಕ ಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯು ಇಹಲೋಕದ ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೭]

ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ಸುವಾರ್ತೆಯ ಪ್ರಸಾರ ಮತ್ತುಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆ ರೋಗಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ/ಸಹಕಾರ ನೀಡುವುದು, ಬಡ ಹಾಗೂ ಬಾಧಿತರಿಗೆಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಿಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ಕರಣಾ ಸೇವೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲು ಬೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ [ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ]] ಮತ್ತು ವೈದ್ಯ ಸೇವೆ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲೇ ಬಹು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇವೆ ನೀಡುವ ಸರಕಾರೆತದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೮]

೨೦ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಕೊನೆಯಾರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಲೈಗಿಂಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಮಹಿಳೆಗೆ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಟೀಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಲೈಂಗಿಕ ಕಿರುಕುಳದ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದೆ.

ಹೆಸರು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಗಾಗಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಪದವು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಪದವಾಗಿದ್ದು καθολικός, "ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕ" ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಎಂಬುದು ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಷೇಶಣವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದೊಂದು ಪದಗುಚ್ಚದ ಸಂಮ್ಮಿಲನ καθ' ὅλου (ಕಥ್' ಹೊಲು), ಅಂದರೆ "ಇಡೀ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ" ಎಂದಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೯]

ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಎಂಬ ಪದವನ್ನು ಮೊದಲನೆಯದಾಗಿ ೨ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬಣ್ಣಿಸಲು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೨೦] ಮೊದಲನೆ ಯದಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿದೆ ನಾಮವೆಂದರೆ "ದಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಸ್ಮಿರ್ನದವರಿಗೆ (ಕ್ರಿ.ಶ. ೧೧೦ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ)ದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದ ಅಂತಿಯೋಕರ ಪತ್ರ ಗಳ ಮುಖಾಂತರ ಇದು ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ, ಕ್ರಿ.ಶ.೧೧೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದ ಹಾಗೆ: "ಪ್ರತೀ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಇರಬೇಕೆಂದಿಲ್ಲ, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಜನರೂ ಅಥವಾ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮಾನುಯಾಯಿಗಳೂ ಇರಬಹುದು, ಯೇಸು ಸಹ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕವಾಗಿ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಡೆಯಲ್ಲೂ ಹರಡಿದೆ."[೨೧]|}} ಬೇರೆ ಗುಂಪುಗಳೂ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಜೆರುಸಲೇಂನ ಸಂ. ಸಿರಿಲ್ (ಸಿರ್ಕಾ೩೫೦) ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಬೇರೆಯದಾಗಿ ಕಾಣಲು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಲಾಯಿತು.[೨೧][೨೨]

"ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪದವು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ಭಾಷೆಯ ecclesiaಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಮೂಲತಃ "ಸೇರುವ ಸ್ಥಳ, ಅಸೆಂಬ್ಲಿ"ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದ Septuagint ಹೀಬ್ರು ಭಾಷೆಯ ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ "ಕಹಲ್" ಧರ್ಮೋಪದೇಶಕಾಂಡವ೩೧:೩೦-ನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಡೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೨೩]

ಚರ್ಚ್ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ೧೦೫೪ರಿಂದಲೇ ಪೂರ್ವ-ಪಶ್ಷಿಮ ಬೇಧಗಳು ಇದ್ದುದರಿಂದ, ಪೂರ್ವಾತ್ಯ ಚರ್ಚ್ "ಓರ್ಥೊಡೊಕ್ಸ್" ಎಂಬ ನಾಮ ವಿಷೇಶಣವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಿತು. (ಅದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಇದರ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಹೆಸರು "ಓರ್ಥೋಡಕ್ಸ್ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಎಂದೇ ಮುಂದುವರಿಯಿತು[೨೪]) ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳದ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸೇರಿ "ಕಥೋಲಿಕ" ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿಸಿತು, ಇದು ೧೬ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಾದ ಪ್ರೊಟೆಸ್ಟಂಟ್ ಸುಧಾರಣೆ ಗಳ ನಂತರವೂ ಹೀಗಯೇ ಇದ್ದು, ಚರ್ಚ್ ಆಚಾರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸಿದ "ಪ್ರೊಟೆಸ್ಟಂಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಯಿತು.[೨೫][೨೬]

"ರೋಮನ್" ಪದದ ಬಳಕೆಯು ರೋಮ್ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯದ ಬಿಷಪ್ (ಪೋಪ್) ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಪತನ ಮತ್ತು ಮಧ್ಯಯುಗದವರೆಗೂ ಮುಂದುವರೆಯಿತು. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ೮ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾನ್ಸ್ಟಾಂಟೈನ್ ಕೊಡುಗೆಯಾಗಿ ನೀಡಿದಾಗ ಅದರ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯದ ವಷೇಶ ಹಕ್ಕು ಮತ್ತು ಪಿತೃಪಭುತ್ವದ ಪರಮ ಆದಯತೆಯನ್ನು "ಅತಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್" ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಈ ದಾಖಲೆಯು ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾಗಿಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ, ೪ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ,[note ೩] ಮಧ್ಯಯುಗದಲ್ಲಿ "ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಹಾಗೂ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮದ ಮೇಲೆ ರೋಮನ್ ಆಡಳಿತದ ವಿಸ್ತಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರದ ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತೆಯನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕವಾದ ಸೈದ್ಧಾಂತಿಕ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ"ಯಾಗಿ ಉಳಿಯಿತು"."[೨೯]

ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮದ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯ ವೇಳೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ವಿಚಾರಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನುಸಾರವಾಗಿ "ರೋಮನ್ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಎಂಬ ಪದವನ್ನು ಶಾಂತಿಯ ಪ್ರತೀಕವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ ಮತ್ತು ಎಪಿಸ್ಕೋಪಲ್ ಸಮಾವೇಶದ ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಗಳು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. [note ೪] ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯಎಪಸ್ಕೋಪಲ್ ಸಮಾವೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.[note ೫]ಹೀಗಿದ್ದರೂ "ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಇದರ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು: ಪಾಪಾಲ್ ಬೋಧನೆಯ ಕೊನೆಯ ಪತ್ರವನ್ನು ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಪೋಪ್ ಜಾನ್ ಪೌಲ್ ಅವರು ೧೯೫೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ "ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಎಂದೇ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೆ, ಇದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಬೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಚರ್ಚಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ದಾಖಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಡೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ "ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಎಂದೇ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು,[೩೦] ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ತ ಸ್ಥಳದ ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಇದೆ. ಆರನೆಯ ಪೋಪ್ ಪೌಲ್ ಅವರು ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ಮಹಾ ಸಮಾವೇಶದ ದಾಖಲೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಹಿ ಹಾಕಿದ್ದೂ ಇದೇ ನಾಮಧೇಯದಲ್ಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೩೧]

ಸಂಘ-ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ನಾಯಕತ್ವವು ಶ್ರೇಣಿ ವರ್ಗವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಪವಿತ್ರ ಆದೇಶವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದ ಪಾದ್ರಿ ವರ್ಗ ಇದಕ್ಕರ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾದವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.[೩೨][೩೩] ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ವಿಧದ ಪಾದ್ರಿ ವರ್ಗವಿದ್ದು, ಮೊದಲನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಧರ್ಮಾಧಿಕಾರಿ (ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು), ಇವರಿಗೆ ವಿಸ್ತಾರವಾದ ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕವಾಗಿ ಹರಡಿದ ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ; ಎರಡನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಪಾದ್ರಿ ವರ್ಗ (ಧರ್ಮಗುರುಗಳು), ಇವರು ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಮತ್ತು ಉನ್ನತಾಧಿಕಾರಿಗ ಸೇವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಕಾರ ನೀಡುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ; ಮೂರನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಡೀಕನ್ನರು (ದಿಯಾಕೊನರು), ಇವರು ಚರ್ಚ್ ವಿಚಾರಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಸೇವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಮತ್ತು ಧರ್ಮಗುರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇವೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ರೋಮ್ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯದ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರೇ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಪರಮೋನ್ನತ ಗುರುವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಪೋಪ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಅವರ ಅದಿಕಾರ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳವಾಗಿದೆ. ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿವಿಧ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸ್ಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೂ, ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ಆಡಳಿದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ, ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರ ಅದೀನಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ. ಬಹುತೇಕ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಗಂಡು ಅಥವಾ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಸಂದರ್ಭ ಹಾಗೂ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಿಗನುಸಾರವಾಗಿ ಗಂಡು-ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಇಬ್ಬರನ್ನೂ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರನ್ನಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿಲೌಕಿಕ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಆರಾಧನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಧರ್ಮಾಚರಣೆಯ ಸೇವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಕಾರ ನೀಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಪಾಪಾಸಿ(ಫೋಪ್ ಆಡಳಿತ), ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ ಮತ್ತು ರೋಮ್ ಕ್ಯುರಿಯ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ

೨೦೧೩ರ ಪಾಪಾಲ್ ಸಮಾವೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಪ್ ಚುನಾಯಿತರಾದ ಪೋಪ್ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್
ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ವರ್ಗಶ್ರೇಣಿಯ ಪರಮೋನ್ನತ ಅಧಿಕಾರವನ್ನು ರೋಮ್ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಪ್ ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇವರು ವಿಶ್ವಾದ್ಯಂತ ಹರಡಿದ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ವಿಧಿ ಮತ್ತು ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ಗಳ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರಸಾದವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯದ ನಾಯಕರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ.[೩೪]ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಪೋಪ್, ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್, ಅವರು ಪಾಪಾಲ್ ಸಮಾವೇಶ ಬಳಿಕ ೧೩ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೩ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸರ್ವಾನುಮತದಿಂದ ಆಯ್ಕೆಗೊಂಡರು.[೩೫]

ಪಾಪಾಸಿ, ಪೋಪರ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಕಛೇರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ಸಂ.ಪೇತ್ರನಿಗೆ ನೀಡಿದ ಸ್ವರ್ಗದ ಕೀಲಿಯ ಸ್ಮರಣಾರ್ಥ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪಾಪಾಸಿಯನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದೆ. ಇವರ ಚರ್ಚ್ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು "ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ" (ಸಾಂಕ್ಟ ಸೆದೆಸ್ ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ), ಅಥವಾ "ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲಿಕ ಸ್ಥಳ" (ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಚಾರಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಅನುಯಾಯಿಯಾದ ಪೇತ್ರ)ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.[೩೬][೩೭] ಪೋಪರ ಸೇವೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೇರ ಸಂಪರ್ಕವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಕಛೇರಿಯನ್ನು ರೋಮನ್ ಕ್ಯುರಿಯಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇದು ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಅದರ ದೈನಂದಿನ ಕಾರ್ಯಕಲಾಪಗಳ ಆಡಳಿತವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ನಗರ ರಾಜ್ಯಸರ್ವಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಆಗಿದ್ದು,[೩೮] ಇದು ರೋಮ್ ನಗರ-ರಾಜ್ಯ ವಾಗಿದ್ದು ರೋಮ್ ನಗರದೊಗಿನ ಪ್ರದೇಶವಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೆ, ಭಿನ್ನವಾದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾದ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳದ ನಾಯಕತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದೆ, ಆದರೆ ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ನಗರದ ನಾಯಕತ್ವವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ, ಇಲ್ಲಿಂದಲೇ ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿ ಹಾಗೂ ರಾಯಭಾರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವಿವೆಡೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೩೯]

ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್ ಎಂಬ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಸ್ಥಾನವು ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ಪಾದ್ರಿ ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ನೀಡುವ ಉನ್ನತ ದರ್ಜೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಕೆಲವೇ ಕೆಲವು ಪಾದ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಈ ವರ್ಗವು ರೋಮನ್ ಕ್ಯುರಿಯಾದ ನಾಯಕರನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೇ, ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನಗರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಶೇಷ ಧರ್ಮಶಾಸ್ರತಜ್ಞರನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಆಡಳಿತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಲಹೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸೂ*ಚನೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ, ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ಸಹೋದ್ಯೋಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್ಸ್-ಗಳ ಸಹಾಯವನ್ನು ಅಪೇಕ್ಷಿಸಬಹುದು.[೪೦]

ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರ ಸಾವು ಅಥವಾ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ಮೇರೆಗೆ,[note ೬] ೮೦ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ಕಡಿಮೆ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನ ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್ ಸಹೋದ್ಯೋಗಿಗಳು ಪಾಪಾಲ್ ಸಮಾವೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿ ಹೊಸ ಪೋಪರನ್ನು ಚುನಾಯಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೪೨] ಆದರೂ ಸಮಾವೇಶವು ಯಾವುದೇ ಗಂಡು ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಸದಸ್ಯನನ್ನು ಪೋಪ್ ಆಗಿ ಚುನಾಯಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ, ೧೩೮೯ರಿಂದೀಚೆಗೆ ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್-ಗಳೇ ಪೋಪ್ ಆಗಿ ಚುನಾಯಿತಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೪೩]

ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ರಚಿಚಿಸಿದ ಕಾನೂನು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾನೂನು ತತ್ವಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದನ್ನು ಉನ್ನತ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸರಕಾರಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಸೇವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಕಥೊಲಿಕರಿಗೆ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಕಟ್ಟುಪಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ.[೪೪] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್, ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕ ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳನ್ನು, ನಿರ್ವಿಕಾರ ದೈವಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವಾಭಾವಿಕ ಕಾನೂನು, ಅಥವಾ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಾಗುವ ಮತ್ತು ಕೇವಲ ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಕಾನೂನು, ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸಾರಾಂಗದ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಮಠಾಧೀಶರಾದ ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರ ನೇತೃತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು , ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ, ಕಾರ್ಯಾಂಗ, ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗದ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಿದೆ.[೪೫] ಇದು ಪ್ರಬುದ್ಧ ಕಾನೂನು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ:[೪೬] ಕಾನೂನು, ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ, ವಕೀಲರು, ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧಿಶರು,[೪೬] ಕಾನೂನು ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳಾದ ಪರಿಚ್ಛೇದಗಳು,[೪೭] ಕಾನೂನಾತ್ಮಕ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ[೪೮] ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ದಬ್ಬಾಳಿಕೆಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ನೀಡುವ ದಬ್ಬಾಳಿಕೆಯ ಹಲವಾರು ದಂಡಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೪೯][೫೦] ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಜೀವನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಘಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ಒತ್ತು ನನೀಡುತಿದ್ದು, ನಾಗರೀಕ ಕಾನೂನಿಗಿಂತ ಭಿನ್ನವಾಗಿದೆ. ತನ್ನದೇ ಆದ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಗರೀಕ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸಿದ ಇದು ಸಣ್ನವರಿಗೆ ರಕ್ಷಕರಾಗುವಂತೆ ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೫೧] ಹಾಗೆಯೇ, ನಾಗರೀಕ ಕಾನೂನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಶಾಸನಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನುಸಾರವಾಗಿ ಅಂಗೀಕೃತ ಮದುವೆಗಳ ಅನುಮತಿಗೆ ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು ಅವಕಾಶವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದೆ.[೫೨] ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ,೧೯೮೩ರ ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು ವಿಧಿಯನ್ನು ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪಾಲಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ.[೫೩] ೧೯೯೦ರ ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನು ವಿಧಿ ಪೂರ್ವ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳ ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ವಿಧಿಯು (ಸಿ.ಸಿ.ಇ.ಒ., ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಅಂಕಿತಗಳ ನಂತರ) ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೫೪]

ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸುಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸುಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು {ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ|ಸುಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್|ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್|ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್}} ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚನ್ನು ೨೪ ವಿವಿಧನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಸ್ವಾಯತ್ತ ಚರ್ಚ್, ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಿದ್ದು, ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು "ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಸುಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್" ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ,[೫೫] ಕಟ್ಟುಪಾಡುಗಳನ್ನೂ ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಸದೇ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳೂ ರೋಮ್ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರರನ್ನು ಪರಮೋಚ್ಛ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯನ್ನಾಗಿ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಿವೆ.[೫೬][೫೭] ಈ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ವಿವಿಧ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಅವರ ಆರಾಧನಾ ಶೈಲಿಯು ತತ್ವ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರದೇ ಅವರವರ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕತೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಸುಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಕುಲಾಧಿಪತಿಯನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಉನ್ನತ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ನಾಯಕತ್ವವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ,[೫೮] ತನ್ನ ಆಂತರಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸ್ವ-ಆಡಳಿತವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಪಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಧರ್ಮಾಚರಣೆಯ ವಿಧಿ, ಧರ್ಮಾಚರಣೆ ಪಂಚಾಂಗ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರೆ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ವಿಚಾರಗಳಲ್ಇ ತನ್ನದೇ ಆದ ನಿಯಂತ್ಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೫೯]

ಒಂದು ಬಿಲಿಯನ್ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡ ದೂರದ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಆಗಿವೆ. ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರ ನೇರ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು, ಇದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಅವರೇ ಧರ್ಮಾದ್ಯಕ್ಷರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಯುರೋಪ್, ಉತ್ತರ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ, ಪಾಶ್ಚಿಮಾತ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳು, ಮಧ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತರ ಯುರೋಪ್-ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಇತರ ಭಾಗಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿಸ್ರರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಹರಡಿತು. ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಇದರ ಒಮದು ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಹಲವು ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ದೇಶಗಳ ಪದ್ದತಿ ಮತ್ತು ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳ ಪರಂಪರೆನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದು, ಹಲವು ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಗುಂಪುಗಳ ಮೂಲಪ್ರೊಟೆಸ್ಟಂಟ್ ಸುಧಾರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೬೦]

ಇತರೆ ಧರ್ಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸಣ್ಣದಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ, ಚರ್ಚ್ ತನ್ನದೇ ಸ್ವರೂಪವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದು ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ೨೦೧೦ರ ಜನಗಣತಿಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ೨೩ ಸ್ವ-ಆಡಳಿತದ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ೧೭.೩ ಮಿಲಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. as of 2010.[೬೧] ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ ಮತ್ತು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕತೆಯನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ವ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಅವರ ಮಾದರಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಅನುಸರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಮತ್ತು ಇವರು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಅದರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲಿನಿಂದಲೂ ಇದ್ದರು ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಪೂರ್ವ-ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಷಿಸ್ಮ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಶತಮಾನಗಳಿಂದಲೂ ತಮ್ಮ ಧರ್ಮಾಚರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಬಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಪೂರ್ವ ಕೃಓಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಹಿರಿಯ ಮುಖಂಡರ ಅಧಿನದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು ಇವರುಸಿನೊದ್ ಅಂದರೆ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಿಂದ ಚುನಾಯಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ,[೬೨] ಇತರೇ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಮಹಾಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ನೇರ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ,[೬೩] ಮತ್ತೆ ಕೆಲವು ಚರ್ಚುಗಳುಮಹಾನಗರ ಅಧೀನದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ,[೬೪] ಮತ್ತು ಉಳಿದ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳನ್ನು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿ ಸಂಘಟಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೬೫] ರೋಮನ್ ಕ್ಯುರಿಯ ತನ್ನದೇ ಆದ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ವಿಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು,ಇದು ಪೌರ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳ ಸಭೆ, ತನ್ನ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೬೬] ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯಯವಾಗಿ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಧರ್ಮಾದ್ಯಕ್ಷರನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಪಾದ್ರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಇದು ಅವರ ಆಂತರಿಕ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು, ಅಗತ್ಯದ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಪ್ ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ, ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಂದೆ ನೋಡಿ

ಶೆಕಡಾವಾರು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ನಕ್ಷೆ (ನಿಖರವಾದ ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳಿಗೆ, ಮುಂದೆ ನೋಡಿ).
೨೦೧೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ್ಕರು ಇರುವ ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಪ್ರಕಾರ ದೇಶಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ.[೬೭]
  ೧೦೦ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ
  ೫೦ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ
  ೨೦ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ
  ೧೦ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ
  ೫ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ
  ೧ ಮಿಲಿಯಕ್ಕೂ ಅಧಿಕ

ವಿವಧ ದೇಶಗಳು, ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳು, ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನಗರಗಳು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಚರ್ಚ್-ಗಳು ಅಂದರೆಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳ ಮುಖಾಂತರ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದೂನೂ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ಮೇಲ್ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯವನ್ನು ವಿಶ್ವಾದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸಯಿ ಇಯುರಿಸ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಒಂದಗೂಡಿಸಿದ್ದು ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಅಥವಾ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಇದರ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ೨೦೦೮ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ೨,೭೯೫ ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು.[೬೮] ಧರ್ಮಾದ್ಯಕಷರು ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿನ ಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ ಎಪಿಸ್ಕೋಪಲ್ ಸಮಿತಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ.[೬೯]

ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಚರ್ಚುಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಚರ್ಚು, ಒಬ್ಬ ಅಥವಾ ಅಧಿಕಧರ್ಮಗುರುವನ್ನು, ಡೀಕನ್ ಅವರು ಅಥವಾ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಸಲಹಾ ಸಮಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೭೦] ಚರ್ಚುಗಳು ದೈನಂದಿನ ಆರಾಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳ ಆಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ.[೭೧]

ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಚರ್ಚಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಗಂಡಸರು ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಡೀಕನ್ ಅಥವಾ ಧರ್ಮಗುರುಗಳಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಬಹುದು. ಗಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಪರಮ ಪ್ರಸಾದದ ವಿಶೇಷ ಸಚಿವರು ಆಗಿ , ಇದು ಓದುಗರು(ಲೆಕ್ಟರ್ಸ್); ಅಥವಾ as ಬಲಪೀಠ ಸೇವಕರಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕವಾಗಿ, ಹುಡುಗರು ಮತ್ತು ಗಂಡಸರು ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಲಿಪೀಠ ಸೇವಕರಾಗಿ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿದ್ದು; ೧೯೯೦ರಿಂದೀಚೆಗೆ, ಹುಡುಗಿಯರು ಮತ್ತು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರಿಗೂ ಈ ಅವಕಾಶವನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೭೨][note ೭]

ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆದ ಕಥೋಲಿಕರು, ಮತ್ತು [ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಲೌಕಿಕರು|ಲೌಕಿಕರು], ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗತವಾಗಿ ಅತವಾ ಏಕಾಂತ ವಾಸಿಯಾಗಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕನ್ಯಾ ಕುವರರಾಗಿ ಅತವಾ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜೀವನದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ (ಒಂದು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಅಥವಾ ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗ)ಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇರುವ ಮುಖಾಂತರ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ಪಾದಾರ್ಪಣೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಳತೆ, ಬಡತನ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಧೇಯತೆಯ ಮೂರುಪ್ರತಿಜ್ಞೆ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಮತ್ತು ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುಸರಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ದೃಡೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದು.[೭೩] ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜೀವನ ಹೊಂದಿದ ದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಉದಾಹರಿಸುಹುದಾದರೆಬೆನೆಡಿಕ್ಟನ್ನರು, ಕಾರ್ಮೆಲಿತರು, ಡೊಮಿನಿಕನ್ನರು, ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ಕನ್ನರು, ಸೇವಾ ಮಿಷನರಿಗಳು, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಲೀಜನರಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದಯಾಮಾತೆಯ ಧರ್ಮಭಗಿನಿಯರು ಇವೇ ಕೆಲವು ಆಗುದ್ದು ಆದರೆ ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಹರಡಿವೆ.[೭೩]

"ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು" ಇದು ಕ್ಯಾನನ್ ಕಾನೂನುನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಿಸಿದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಆದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಭೆಗಳು ಎಂಬ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ.[೭೪] "ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಆದೇಶ" ಮತ್ತು "ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ"ಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದ ಆಡುಮಾತಿನ ಅಥವಾ ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಪದಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.[೭೫]

ಸದಸ್ಯತ್ವ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ದೇಶವಾರು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸದಸ್ಯತ್ವವು ೨೦೧೪ರ ಅಂತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ೧.೨೭೨ಬಿಲಿಯನ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಒಟ್ಟು ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಶೇಕಡಾ ೧೭.೮ರಷ್ಟು ಆಗಿದೆ.[೭೬] ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ನರ ಸುಮಾರು ಅರ್ಧಬಾಗದಷ್ಟು ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯು ಕಥೋಲಿಕರಾಗಿದ್ಧಾರೆ.[೭೭]

ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಕಥೊಲಿಕರ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯು ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕವಾಗಿ ವಿಸ್ತರಣೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ ೧೭, ಅಮೇರಿಕಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ ೪೮, ಏಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ ೧೧, ಯುರೋಪ್ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ ೨೩, ಮತ್ತು ಕಡಲತೀರ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇಕಡಾ ೧ರಷ್ಟಿದೆ.[೭೬]

ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯವು ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆದ ಪಾದ್ರಿ ವರ್ಗವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಸಲಹಾ ಸಮಿತಿ, ಮಿಷನರಿಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ಬೋಧಕರನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಅದಲ್ಲದೇ ೨೦೧೪ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳಗೆ ಚರ್ಚ್ ೪೬೫,೫೯೫ ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆದ ಧರ್ಮಗುರುಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿ, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ೫,೨೩೭ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು, ೪೧೫,೭೯೨ ಧರ್ಮಗುರುಗಳು (ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ ಮತ್ತು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ), ಮತ್ತು ೪೪,೫೬೬ ಡೀಕನ್ನರು (ಶಾಶ್ವತ) ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೭೬] ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆಯದ ಸಚಿವರು ೩,೧೫೭,೫೬೮ ಬೋಧಕರು, ೩೬೭,೬೭೯ ಸಲಹಾ ಮಿಷನರಿಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ೩೯,೯೫೧ ಸಲಹಾ ಸಮ,ಇತಿ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.[೭೮]

ಮದುವೆ ಆಗದೇ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರತಿಜ್ಞಾ ಸ್ವೀಕಾರದ ಮೂಲಕ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟವರಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನವನ್ನು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿದ್ದು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿತ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ್ದು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ೫೪,೫೫೯ ಗಂಡು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕರು, ೭೦೫,೫೨೯ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕರಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇವರಿಗೆ ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ನೀಡಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಇವರನ್ನು ಮೇಲೆ ತಿಳಿಸಿದ ಯಾವುದಾದರೂ ಒಂದು ಸಮಿತಿ/ಸಭೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರದಿದ್ದರೆ ಇವರನ್ನು ಸಲಹಾ ಸಮಿತಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರೆಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.[೭೬]

ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವು ಶತಮಾನಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆಯೇ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ನರ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ನೇರ ಬೆಳಕನ್ನು ಚೆಲ್ಲುವ ಈ ಬೋಧನೆಯು, ಇದರ ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳು ನಾಸ್ತಿಕವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಓರ್ಥೊಡಕ್ಸ್ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮದ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಪಫ್ ಪತ್ರಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ದೇವತಾ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸರ ಚರ್ಚೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಚರ್ಚ್ ಯಾವುದೇ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅಂತಿಮ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಹೊಸ ದೇವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸುವ ವಿಚಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮದ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನದ ಮೂಲಕ ಅಸ್ಖಲಿತತ್ವಗಳಿಂದ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಮೂಲ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ ದೋಷವುಂಟಾಗದಂತೆ ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ.[೭೯][೮೦]

ದಿವ್ಯದರ್ಶನಕ್ಕೆ ದೇವರೊಂದೇಮೂಲ ಎಂದು ಬೋಧನೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದಲ್ಲದೆ, ಇದನ್ನು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಚಲನಕ್ಕೆ ಎರಡು ವಿಧಾನಗಳಿದ್ದು: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳು,[೮೧][೮೨] ಹಾಗೂ ಇವುಗಳು ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಾರ್ಹ ರೀತಿಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಯುತ ಬೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ.[೮೩][೮೪] ಪವಿತ್ರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಬೈಬಲ್ ಇದರ ೭೩ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ೪೬ ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ೨೭ ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳೆಂದರೆ, ಚರ್ಚ್ ನಂಬಿರುವ ಧರ್ಮದೂತರ ಅಥವಾ ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲರ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೂ ನಡೆದು ಬಂದಿರುವ ಹಾಗೂ ಅವರು ನೀಡಿದ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.[೮೫] ಪವಿತ್ರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ಸೇರಿ "ವಿಶ್ವಾಸದ ಠೇವಣಿ" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ನ್ಯಾಯಯುತ ಬೋಧನೆಯ ಬೋಧಕರು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳ ಅಧಿಕಾರವು, ಪೋಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಪ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಧರ್ಮಾದ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ಕಾಲೇಜು, ರೋಮ್ ಧರ್ಮಾಕ್ಷರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ.[೮೬] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವು ಅಧಿಕಾರಯುತವಾಗಿ ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾಗಿ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳವು ಪ್ರಸಾರ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.[೮೭][೮೮]

ದೇವ ಸ್ವರೂಪ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಸಿ. ೧೨೧೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದ ಸಾಂಪ್ರಾದಾಯಿಕ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿಯ ಆವೃತ್ತಿ ರಕ್ಷಾ ತ್ರಯಗಳು ಧರ್ಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ರೇಖಾಚಿತ್ರ

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ

ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಚಿರಂತನ ದೇವರಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ, ಹಾಗೂ ಅವರುತ್ರಯಗಳು ("ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯ ಅಂತಸ್ಥವಾದ") ಆದ ಮೂರು hypostases,ಅಥವಾ "ವ್ಯಕ್ತಗಳು": ದೇವತಂದೆ; ದೇವರ ಮಗ; ಮತ್ತು ದೇವರ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮ, ಈ ಮೂರನ್ನೂ ಸೇರಿ "ಪವಿತ್ರ ತ್ರಯ"ಗಳೆಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೮೯]

ಕಥೊಲಿಕರು ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರ ತ್ರಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ "ಎರಡನೆಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ" ಎಂದು ನಂಬುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ದೇವರ ಮಗ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇವರು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮದ ಮೂಲಕ ಭಾಗ್ಯವಂತೆ ಕನ್ಯಾ ಮರಿಯ ಅವರ ಉದರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾನವ ಸಹಜಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಅಥವಾ ಯೇಸು ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವತಾರ ಹೊಂದಿದರು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ, ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಮಾನವ ಆತ್ಮ ಮತ್ತು ದೈವಿಕಾಂಸವುಳ್ಳವನು ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥೈಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ನಾಲ್ಕು ಸುವಾರ್ತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲಾಗಿರುವಂತೆ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ಅವರ ಬೋಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ತಕ್ಕುದಾದ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದು ಅವರ ಈ ಭೂಲೋಕದ ಜೀವಿತೋದ್ದೇಶ ಆಗಿತ್ತು.[೯೦] ಭೂಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಪಾಪ ರಹಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದು ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಮತ್ತು ಅವರನ್ನು ಅನ್ಯಾಯವಾದ ಸಾವು ಅಂದರೆ ಶಿಲುಬಾರೋಹಣಕ್ಕೆ, ದೇವರು ಮನುಷ್ಯರಿಗಾಗಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನೇ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿದ ಬಲಿದಾನ ಗುರಪಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು; ಈ ಸಮನ್ವಯವು ಪಾಸ್ಖ ರಸ್ಯಎಂದು ಪ್ರಖ್ಯಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಿತು .[೯೧] ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯ "ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ" ಮತ್ತು ಹೀಬ್ರೂ ಭಾಷೆಯ"ಮೆಸ್ಸಾಯ" ಎರಡೂ ಪದಗಳು "ಅಭಿಷಿಕ್ತರು" ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಇದು ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಸಾವು ಮತ್ತು ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನವು ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತರ ಹಳೇ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಉದ್ಧಾರಕದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯವಾಣಿಗಳ ಈಡೇರಿಕೆ ಎಂದು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೯೨]

The Catholic Church teaches dogmatically that "ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮವು ಅಲೌಕಿಕವಾದದಿಂದ ತಂದೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಮಗನ ಮೂಲಕ ಉದ್ಭವವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದು ಎರಡು ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರದೇ ಕೇವಲ ಒಂದೇ ತತ್ವವ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ" ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ತಾತ್ವಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ .[೯೩] ಚರ್ಚ್ ತಂದೆ "ತತ್ವಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿರದ", ಮೊದಲ ಸ್ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಆಗಿದ್ದು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದರೆ ಈ ತಂದೆ ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಮಗನನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ಎಂದು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಒಂದೇ ತತ್ವವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮ ಉದ್ವವಿಸಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೯೪] ಈ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಫಿಲೊಕ್ಯುನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ವಿಧಿಯ ನೈಸೀನ್ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳ ೩೮೧ನೆಯ ಷರತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು ಆದರೆ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಚಿಯನ್ನರ ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಆವೃತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗಿಲ್.[೯೫]

ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸ್ವರೂಪ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಇದು ಪೆಂತೊಕೋಸ್ತ್ ೧೪ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರೀಕರಿಸಿದ ವೃತಪುಸ್ತಕ.

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಇದೊಂದು "ನೈಜ ಚರ್ಚ್" ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು,[೪][೯೬] "ಮಾನವ ಕುಲಕ್ಕೆ ಮೋಕ್ಷದ ದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡುವ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ",[೯೭][೯೮] ಮತ್ತು ಬೋಧನೆಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ "ಒಂದೇ ನೈಜ ಧರ್ಮ" ಎಂದೂ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೯೯] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಮುಂದೆ ನೈಸೀನ್ ನಭಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಿ "ಒಂದೇ ಪವಿತ್ರ, ಕಥೋಲಿಕ, ಮತ್ತು ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್"ಎಂದು ಬಣ್ಣಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೦೦] ಇವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಗುರುತುಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಚರ್ಚ್ ತನ್ನ ಸ್ಥಾಪಕ ಯೇಸು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೦೧][೧೦೨] ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳಂತೆ ಅನೇಕ ಘಟನೆಗಳು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ ಅವಿಭಾಜ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕಾರಣೀಕೃತವಾಗಿವೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಬೋಧನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲರು ಇವರ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ, ಕಷ್ಟಕಾಲದ, ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನದ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳು ಆಗಿವೆ. ಅವರ ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನದ ಬಳಿಕ ಆದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಆಯೋಗ, ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲರಿಗೆ ಅವರ ಕಾರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಲು ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು. ಪೆಂತೆಕೋಸ್ತ್ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮವು ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲರ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಭಿಷಿಕ್ತವಾಗುವುದು, ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಬಹಿರಂಗ ಬೋಧನೆಯಾಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.[೧೦೩] ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆದ ಧರ್ಮಾದ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲರ ಕ್ರಮಾನುಗತ ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಅಪೋಸ್ತಲಿಕ ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಎಂದು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧನೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೦೪] ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿ ರೋಮ್ ನಗರ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ (ಪೋಪ್) ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಂ. ಪೇತ್ರನ ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಪೋಪರಿಗೆ ಇರುವ ಪರಮೋನ್ನತವಾದ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಆಗಿದೆ.[೧೦೫]

ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯು "ಭೂಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಇರುವಿಕೆ ಯ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಎತ್ತಿ ಹಿಡಿಯುತ್ತದೆ[೧೦೬] ಅವರ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಳವಡಿಸಿ ಅದರಂತೆ ನಡೆಯುವುದೇ ಮೋಕ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ದಾರಿ.[೧೦೭] ಬೈಬಲ್-ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಜೀವನ (ನೋವಿನ ಜೀವನ) ಹಾಗೂ ಶಿಲುಬಾರೋಹಣವು, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ಮನುಕುಲದ ಏಳ್ಗೆಗಾಗಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನೇ ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪುವುದರಿಂದ ಪಿತನಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ;[೧೦೮]ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನವು ಮರಣದ ನಂತರದ ಆತನು ಪಡೆದಮೊದಲ ಜನನವನ್ನಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದು ಕೊನೆಯುಸಿರೆಳದರಲ್ಲೇ ಮೊತ್ತಮೊದಲನೆಯದಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೦೯] ದೇವರಲ್ಲಿನ ಅರ್ಪಣೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ, ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ದೇವರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸೇರಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯ.[೧೧೦] ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಮಾಡುವ ಪಾಪಗಳ ಪರಿಹಾರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ದೇವರು ಮತ್ತು ಮನುಷ್ಯನ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧ ವೃದ್ಧಿಗೊಳ್ಳಲು, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಬಲಿದಾನ ಹಾಗೂ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಆಚರಿಸುವ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು, ಪೂಜಾವಿಧಿಗಳು ಸಹಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.[೧೨]

ಅಂತಿಮ ತೀರ್ಪು(ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ)[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಸಾವಿನಿಂದ ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಮೊದಲೇ, ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಆತ್ಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಘಾಸಿಯಾದ ನರಕದಿಂದ ಮೋಕ್ಷ ನೀಡುವ ದೃಶ್ಯ. ಫ್ರೆಸ್ಕೊ ಮಾದರಿ, ಫ್ರಾ ಆಂಗ್ಲಿಕೊ ಸಿರ್ಕಾ, ಅವರು ೧೪೩೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡಿಸಿದ ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ

ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಮನುಷ್ಯನ ಸಾವಿನ ನಂತರ ಆತ್ಮವು ಅವರವರ ಪಾಪಕೃತ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಂಬಂಧದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ದೇವರಿಂದ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ತೀರ್ಪು ಅನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೧೧] ಈ ಬೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ಮುಕುಲದ ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕ ಅಂತಿಮ ತೀರ್ಪನ್ನು ಕೊಡಲು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧಿಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾನೆ ಎಂಬ ಬೋಧನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧನೆ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಈ ಅಂತಿಮ ತೀರ್ಪು ಮನುಕುಲದ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಕೊನೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ನವೀನ ಹಾಗೂ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸ್ವರ್ಗ ಮತ್ತು ಭುವಿಯ ನಡುವೆ ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯಾಡಳಿತದ ಆರಂಭವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೧೨]

ಸಾವನ್ನು ಆಧಾರಿಸಿ ತೀರ್ಪನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದಾಗ ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಮೂರು ವಿಧಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆತ್ಮವು ಇರುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ:

  • ಸ್ವರ್ಗ ಇದೊಂದು ದೇವರ ಹತ್ತಿರವಿರುವ ಕೊನೆಯಿಲ್ಲದ ಸಂಬಂಧವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ದೇವರ ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದವೇ ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಮೂಲತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಇದೊಂದು ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವನವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ದೇವರ ಹತ್ತಿರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಸುಖ ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೧೩]
  • ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಸುಖವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುವ ಮೊದಲು ತಮ್ಮ ಪಾಪಗಳಿಂದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಶುದ್ಧಗೊಳ್ಳದೇ ಇದ್ದ ಆತ್ಮಗಳ ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಇದೊಂದು ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕವಾಗಿರುವ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ, ಈ ಹಂತದ ಆತ್ಮಗಳು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಸುಖವನ್ನು ಕಾಣುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.[೧೧೪] ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಆತ್ಮವು ಬಹು ಕಷ್ಟವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಶುದ್ಧಿಗೊಂಡು ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಂತರ ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಹಾಗೂ ಭೂಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಕ್ತರ ಫ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣದ ಆತ್ಮಗಳು ಸ್ವರ್ಗಸುಖವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತವೆ.[೧೧೫]
  • ಅಂತಿಮ ಖಂಡನೆ: ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ಮೃತ್ಯುಕೂಪದ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ ಹಾಗೂ ತಮ್ಮ ಸಾವಿನಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಪಾಪಗಳ ವಿಮೋಚನೆ ಪಡೆಯದೇ ಇದ್ದಂತಹ ಆತ್ಮಗಳು ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವೇ ನರಕದೃಶ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತವೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಈ ಆತ್ಮಗಳು ದೇವರಿಂದ ಶಾಶ್ವತವಾಗಿ ದೂರವಿರುತ್ತವೆ.[೧೧೬] ಯಾರೂ ದೇವರನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಳಿ ಬರಲು ಇಚ್ಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೋ ಅವರಿಗೆ ನರಕದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೧೭] ಯಾರಿಗೂ ದೈವಿಕತೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿ ನರಕಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗಲಾರನು ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಯಾರೂ ಕೂಡ ನರಕಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರಾಪ್ತರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೋ ಅವರು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗಲಾರರು.[೧೧೮] ಕಥೊಲಿಕತೆಯು ದೇವರ ಕ್ಷಮೆಯಿಂದ ಮಾತ್ರ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಸಾಯುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಪಶ್ಚಾತ್ತಾಪದಿಂದ ವಿಮುಕ್ತಗೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯ, ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಭರವಸೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆತನನ್ನು ವಿಮಿಕ್ತಿಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯ, ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಮೋಕ್ಷವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ.[೧೧೯] ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ ಪಡೆಯದ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತರಲ್ಲದೇ ಇರುವ ಆತ್ಮಗಳು ಮೂಲ ಪಾಪವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಅವುಗಳು ಮರಣಾನಂತರ ತ್ರಿಶಂಕು ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಧರ್ಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞರು ಬಲವಾಗಿ ನಂಬಿದ್ದಾರೆ.[೧೨೦]

ಚರ್ಚ್ ಒಂದೇ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಮೋಕ್ಷವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧನೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದು,[೧೦೭] "ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಏಕತೆ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಚೋದಿಸು"ವಲ್ಲಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮವು ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಸಮುದಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದೂ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ, [೧೨೧] ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಕಡೆಗಿನ ಒಲವಿನ ದಾರಿಯ ಮುಕಾಂತರ ",[೧೨೧] ಜನರನ್ನು ಮೋಕ್ದೆಡೆಗೆ ಸಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಯಾಕೆಂದರೆ ಈ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳು ಸಮಗ್ರವಾದ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿದರೂ ಕಲವೊಂದು ದೋಷಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಯಾರು ಬೇಕಾದರೂ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಇತಿಮಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಉಳಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾದರೂ, ಚರ್ಚ್ ಹೊರಗಡೆವುಳ್ಳವರು ಬಯಸಿದ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ ಮತ್ತು ರಕ್ತದ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಹುತಾತ್ಮ ಪೂರ್ವ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರೂ, ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತವಾಗಿ ಅಜೇಯ ಅಜ್ಞಾನವುಳ್ಳವರು ಮೋಕ್ಷವನ್ನು ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಸಾಧ‍ಯವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಕತೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೨೨]

ಕನ್ಯಾ ಮರಿಯ ಮತ್ತು ಆರಾಧನೆ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಮೇರಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ

The ಪೂಜ್ಯ ಕನ್ಯಾ ಮರಿಯ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಫ್ರಮುಖ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ನಿಡಿದ್ದು, ಅವರನ್ನು ದೇವಮಾತೆ ಎಂದು ಸಂಭೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಮೂಲ ಪಾಪದಿಂದ ವಿಮುಕ್ತಗೊಂಡವರು ಮತ್ತು ದೇವರು ಹಾಗೂ ಮನುಷ್ಯರ ನಡುವಿನ ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಗಾರಿಣಿ

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಥೊಲಿಕ ಮರಿಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದುದಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳು ಮೇರಿ, ಯೇಸುವಿನ ತಾಯಿ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ವರ್ಣಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ವಿಷ್ಠಾವಂತರಲ್ಲಿನ ಮೇರಿಯ ಗೌರವದ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯೂ ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಅವರನ್ನು ದೇವಮಾತೆ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, (Greek: Θεοτόκος ), ಮತ್ತು ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇವರ ಅವರ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಇದ್ದಂತಹ ಕನ್ಯತ್ವವನ್ನು ಧೃಡವಾಗಿ ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೬] ಮುಂದಿನ ಸೈದ್ಧಾಂತಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳು ಅವರ ಜೀವನದ ನಿಷ್ಕಲ್ಮಷ ಗರ್ಭಧಾರಣೆಯ (ಮೂಲ ಪಾಪವಿಲ್ದಲ ಅವರದೇ ಆದ ಗರ್ಭಧಾರಣೆ) ಮತ್ತು [[ಮೇರಿಯ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ]ಸ್ವರ್ಗಾರೋಹಣ] (ಅವರ ಜೀವಿತದ ಕೊನೆಯ ಕಾಳದಲ್ಲಿ ದೇಹ ಸಮೇತ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಾರೋಹಣಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು) ಎಂಬ ವಿಚಾರಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳನ್ನು ದೋಷಾತೀತ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತಗಳೆಂದು ೧೮೫೪ರಲ್ಲಿ ೯ನೇ ಪೋಪ್ ಪಿಯುಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ೧೯೫೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ೧೨ನೇ ಪೋಪ್ ಪಿಯುಸ್ ಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ವರ್ಣಿಸಿದ್ದು,[೧೨೩] ಆದರೆ ಇದೊಂದಿ ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ನಂಬಿಕೆ ಎಂಬ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಲ್ಲಿನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಬಿಷಪರ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ಗಣನೆಗೆ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೨೪]

ಮೇರಿಯ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆಯು ಕಥೊಲಿಕರ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅವುಗಳು ದೇವರ ಆರಾಧನೆಯಿಂದ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿವೆ.[೧೨೫] ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಯ ಕಲೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿ ಕಲೆ, ಸಂಗೀತ, ಹಾಗೂ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಪ್ರತೀ ವರ್ಷವೂ ಚರ್ಚಿನಾದ್ಯಂತ ಮೇರಿ ಕುರಿತಾದ ಹಬ್ಬಗಳನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಅವರನ್ನು ಸ್ವರ್ಗದ ರಾಣಿ. ಆರನೆಯ ಪೋಪ್ ಪೌಲ್ ಅವರು ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಚರ್ಚಿನ ತಾಯಿ ಎಂದು ಕರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನಿಗೆ ಜನನ ನೀಡಿದ ಆತನ ಅಂದರೆ[ಯೇಸುವಿನ ದೇಹ]]ವನ್ನು ಭುಜಿಸುವ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಬ್ಬ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಸದಸ್ಯನಿಗೆ ಮೇರಿ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕವಾಗಿ ತಾಯಿ ಆಗಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ.[೧೨೩] ದೇವರ ಮೇಲಿನ ಅಪಾರ ನಂಬಿಕೆ, ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ, ಆರಾಧನೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅವರು ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಭಾವಿ ಮಹಿಳೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅವರನ್ನು ಜಪಮಾಲಾ ಮಾತೆ,ಜಪಸರ, ಸಾಲ್ವೆ ರೆಜಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಮೊರಾರೆಗಳು ಕಥೋಲಿಕರ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದ ಆಚರಣೆಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.[೧೨೬] ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಹಲವೆಡೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಣ್ಯಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳಿದ್ದು ಇಲ್ಲಿನು ಮೇರಿ ಅವತಾರಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿದ್ದು,ಚರ್ಚ್ ಇದನ್ನು ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಿದ. ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ ಲೂರ್ಡ್ಸ್, ಫಾತಿಮಾ, ಮತ್ತು [[ಗ್ವಾಡಾಲುಪೆ ಮಾತೆ|ಗ್ವಾಡಾಲುಪೆ] ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ದ ತಾಣಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲದೇ,[೧೨೭] ವಿಶ್ವ ವಿಖ್ಯಾತ ಕಥೋಲಿಕರ ಆರಾಧನಾ ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳೂ ಆಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ.[೧೨೮]

ಆರಾಧನೆಗಳು "ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ"ಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾದ ಪೂಜಾವಿಧಿಗಳಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಅವುಗಳು ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಧರ್ಮಾನುಯಾಯಿಯ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅನುಸರಣೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದಾಗಿವೆ.[೧೨೯] ಮೇರಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಹೊರತಾಗಿ, ಇತರೇ ಆರಾಧನೆಗಳಾದ ಶಿಲುಬೆ ಹಾದಿ, ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಹೃದಯ, ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಮುಖ,[೧೩೦] ಅನೇಕ ಜಪಸರ, ಅನೇಕ ಸಂತರ ನೊವೆನಾಗಳು,[೧೩೧] ಹಾಗೂ ತೀರ್ಥಯಾತ್ರೆಗಳು[೧೩೨] ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳ,ಆರಾಧನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯ ನಾಂ ಪಠಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ[೧೩೧] ಅನೇಕ ಸಂತರ ವರ್ಣಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುಸಂತರ ಚಿತ್ರ ಗಳಾದ ಸ್ಯಾಂಟೊಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯ ಆರಾಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು.[೧೩೩] ಕಥೊಲಿಕರಿ ಧರ್ಮಾನುಯಾಯಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಧರ್ಮಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ಮಹಾಸಮ್ಮೇಳನದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆನಪಿಸಿದ ವಿಶೇಷ ಸಂಗತಿಯೆಂದರೆ "ಆರಾಧನೆಯು ಭಕ್ತಿಯ ಸೌಹಾರ್ದತೆಯ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಆಕರ್ಷಿತವಾಗಿ, ಅವುಗಳು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಲಿಟರ್ಜಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಿದ್ದು, ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ಶೈಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಭೀನ್ನತೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕು, ಮತ್ತು ಭಕ್ತರನ್ನು ಧರ್ಮದೆಡೆಗೆ ಆಕರರ್ಷಿತಗೊಳಿಸಬೇಕು,ವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿ, ಲಿಟರ್ಜಿಯು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಆರಾಧನೆಗಳಿಗಿಂತಲೂ ಮೆಲುಗೈಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕು."[೧೩೪]


ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:ಮುಖ್ಯ ಲೇಖನ

ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ರಚಿಸಿದ ಏಳು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರ ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ತನ್ನ ಅಸ್ಥಿತ್ವವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಒಟ್ಟು ಅಂಕಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನೇಕ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮದ ಸಮಿತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಟ್ರೆಂಟ್ ಸಮಿತಿಯೂ ಇದನ್ನು ಪುನರುಚ್ಛರಿಸಿದೆ.[೧೩೫][note ೮] ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ, ಧೃಡೀಕರಣ, ಪರಮ ಪ್ರಸಾದ, ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ, ರೋಗಿಯ ಅಭಿಷೇಕ (ಹಿಂದೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಸಾಂತ್ವನದ ಕೊನೆಯ ಘಟ್ಟ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, "ಕೊನೆಗಾಲದ ವಿಧಿ"), ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ಮದುವೆ. ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು ಲೌಕಿಕ ವಿಧಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು ಕಥೋಲಿಕರು ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದೇವರ ಇರುವಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಯಾರು ಸರಿಯಾದ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೊ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಇವುಗಳೇ ದೇವರ ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರೀ ವಾಹಿನಿಗಳೆಂದು ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ.[೧೩೬] ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಚರ್ಚಿನ ಬೋಧನೆ ಯು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂರು ವಿಧಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಿದ್ದು, ಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ "ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ದೀಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು", "ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಾ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು" ಮತ್ತು "ಪರಮ ಪ್ರಸಾದದ ಸೇವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ನಿಷ್ಠಾವಂತಿಕೆಯ ಸೇವೆಗಳ" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಜನರ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಿಕ ಜೀವನದ ವಿವಧ ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳೂ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಶಾಲವಾದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ನಿವರ್ಹಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ರೂಪಿತಗೊಂಡಿವೆ.[೧೩೭]

"ಕಥೋಲಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆ"ಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ: ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳ ಆಚರಣೆಯು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸೇವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅವುಗಳು ಚರ್ಚ್ ಧ್ಯೇಯೋದ್ಧೇಶಗಳ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಬಿಂದುವಾಗಿವೆ:

ಹೊಸ ಪೂಜಾವಿಧಿಯ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಧಿಗಳು, ವಿಷೇಶವಾಗಿ ಪರಮ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರದ ಆಚರಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಹಾಗೂ ಚರ್ಚ್ ನಡುವಣ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಪೂಜಾವಿಧಿಯ ಆಚರಣೆಯು ತ್ರಯಗಳ ಮಿಲನದಿಂದಾದ "ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆತ್ಮದ ಐಕ್ಯತೆ" ಯನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದು, ಇದವೇ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ದೇಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಒಂದೇ ಎಂದು ಸಾರಿ ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಆಚರಣೆಯು ಜಾತಿ, ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಹಾಗೂ ಮತಗಳನ್ನು ಮೀರಿದ್ದು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಜನರನ್ನು ಒಂದೇ ಸಮನಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತದೆ.[೧೩೮]

ಚರ್ಚ್ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳ ಆಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಿಯಾದ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿನ ವಿಷಯ, ಉದ್ದೇಶ, ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಸಮ್ಮತವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.[೧೩೯] In addition, the Canon Laws for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Church govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.[೧೪೦] Notably, because the Church teaches that Christ is present in the Eucharist,[೧೪೧] those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the sacrament of Reconciliation (Penance).[೧೪೨] Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.[೧೪೨] Non-Catholics such are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.[೧೪೦][೧೪೩]

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.[೧೪೪][೧೪೫] Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain communion in sacris, and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."[೧೪೬]

ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸಮ್(ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ನಾನ) ಅಥವಾ ನಾಮಕರಣ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

An Italian priest during the sacrament of Baptism

As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.[೧೪೭] It washes away all sins, both original sin and personal actual sins.[೧೪೮] It makes a person a member of the Church.[೧೪೯] As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptised, it is conferred even on children,[೧೫೦] who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.[೧೫೧] If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptise the child.[೧೫೨] Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.[೧೫೩] The Catholic Church recognises as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptise ("to do what the Church does when she baptises") and that they use the Trinitarian baptismal formula.[೧೫೪]

ದೃಢೀಕರಣ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.[೧೫೫] When adults are baptised, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,[೧೫೬] a practice followed even with newly baptised infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.[೧೫೭] In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.[೧೫೮] In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called confirmation, because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called chrismation, because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with chrism,[೧೫೯] a mixture of olive oil and some perfumed substance, usually balsam, blessed by a bishop.[೧೫೯][೧೬೦] Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the age of reason means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.[೧೬೧]

Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

ಯೂಕರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಅಥವಾ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as "the source and summit of the Christian life".[೧೬೨] The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as First Communion.[೧೬೩]

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the Mass or Divine liturgy, includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the altar and consecrated by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called transubstantiation.[೧೬೪][note ೯] The words of consecration reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the Last Supper, where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,[೧೬೫] and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection gives grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).[೧೬೬]

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico.

ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಾ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The two sacraments of healing are the Sacrament of Penance and Anointing of the Sick.

ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ/ಪಶ್ಚಾತ್ತಾಪ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion[೧೬೭]) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.[೧೬೮] Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and absolution).[೧೬೯] Serious sins (mortal sins) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of venial sins also is recommended.[೧೭೦] The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "seal of confession", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.[೧೭೧]

ರೋಗಿಗಳ ಅಮ್ಜನಕ್ರಿಯೆ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

A painting of the Anointing of the Sick being administered by a priest during the last rites.

While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.[೧೭೨] This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.[೧೭೩]

The sacrament is also referred to as Unction, and in the past as Extreme Unction, and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the last rites, together with Penance and Viaticum (Eucharist).[೧೭೪]

ರೊಟ್ಟಿ ಸೇವೆಗಳ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of communion directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.[೧೭೫] Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments "consecrate to specific mission or vocation among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and grace. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfill duties of their state".[೧೭೬]

ಪವಿತ್ರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Priest lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.

The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).[೧೭೭][೧೭೮] The Church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the clergy. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.[೧೭೯] Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,[೧೮೦] and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church[೧೮೧][೧೮೨] (see Clerical marriage). But after becoming a Roman Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see Clerical celibacy) unless he is formally laicised.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptise, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.[೧೮೩] Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.[೧೮೪][೧೮೫] Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which ordains someone into the clergy.[೧೮೬]

ಗೃಹಸ್ಥಾಶ್ರಮ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Wedding mass in the Philippines, 2015

The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptised individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.[೧೮೭][note ೧೦] The Church recognises certain conditions, such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the Church sets specific rules and norms, known as canonical form, that Catholics must follow.[೧೯೦]

The church does not recognise divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state recognised divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an annulment.[೧೯೧] Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.[೧೯೧]

ಲಿಟರ್ಜಿ/ಪೂಜಾವಿಧಿ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Catholic religious objects— Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary.

Among the 24 autonomous (sui iuris) churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.[೧೯೨] In the definition of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, "a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church sui iuris".[೧೯೩]

The liturgy of the sacrament of the Eucharist, called the Mass in the West and Divine Liturgy or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.[೧೯೪] This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.[೧೯೫] The most widely used is the Roman Rite, usually in its ordinary form promulgated by Paul VI in 1969, but also in its authorised extraordinary form, the Tridentine Mass as in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite based on differing theological emphasis.

ಪಾಶ್ಚಿಮಾತ್ಯ ವಿಧಿಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Roman Rite of Mass The Roman Rite is the most common rite of worship used by the Catholic Church. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.[೧೯೬] The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the Roman Missal, is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in Latin. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the side bar.

Celebration of Tridentine Mass before an altar

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the continued use of the 1962 Roman Missal as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite ("a Forma extraordinaria"), speaking of it also as an usus antiquior (older use), and issued new permissive norms for its employment.[೧೯೭] An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form ("the forma ordinaria" and "the forma extraordinaria").[೧೯೮]

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the Second Vatican Council opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardised in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.[೧೪೧] Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by Pope Clement VIII in 1604, Pope Urban VIII in 1634, Pope Pius X in 1911, Pope Pius XII in 1955, and Pope John XXIII in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;[೧೯೯] but Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorised parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in liturgical Latin.[೨೦೦]

Since 2014, clergy in the small personal ordinariates set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document Anglicanorum Coetibus[೨೦೧] are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",[೨೦೨] which incorporates elements of the Anglican liturgy and traditions.[note ೧೧]

In the Archdiocese of Milan, with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,[೨೦೩] Mass is celebrated according to the Ambrosian Rite. Other Latin Church rites include the Mozarabic[೨೦೪] and those of some religious institutes.[೨೦೫] These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's Quo primum, and were thus allowed to continue.[೨೦೬]

ಪೂರ್ವಾತ್ಯ ವಿಧಿಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

An Eastern Catholic bishop of the Syro-Malabar Church holding the Mar Thoma Cross, which symbolises the heritage and identity of the Saint Thomas Christians of India

The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including Eastern Orthodox and other Eastern Christian churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.[೨೦೭]

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the Byzantine Rite, in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the Alexandrian Rite; the Syriac Rite; the Armenian Rite; the Maronite Rite and the Chaldean Rite. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.[೨೦೮] In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of liturgical Latinisation. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the Vatican II decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum.[೨೦೯] Each church has its own liturgical calendar.[೨೧೦]

ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ವಿಚಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Catholic social teaching

Catholic social teaching, reflecting the concern Jesus showed for the impoverished, places a heavy emphasis on the corporal works of mercy and the spiritual works of mercy, namely the support and concern for the sick, the poor and the afflicted.[೨೧೧][೨೧೨] Church teaching calls for a preferential option for the poor while canon law prescribes that "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor."[೨೧೩]

Catholic teaching regarding sexuality calls for a practice of chastity, with a focus on maintaining the spiritual and bodily integrity of the human person. Marriage is considered the only appropriate context for sexual activity.[೨೧೪] Church teachings about sexuality have become an issue of increasing controversy, especially after the close of the Second Vatican Council, due to changing cultural attitudes in the Western world described as the sexual revolution.

The Church has also addressed stewardship of the natural environment, and its relationship to other social and theological teachings. In the document Laudato si', dated 24 May 2015, Pope Francis critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, and laments environmental degradation and global warming.[೨೧೫] The pope expressed concern that the warming of the planet is a symptom of a greater problem: the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet as humans pursue short-term economic gains.[೨೧೬]

ಸಮಾಜ ಸೇವೆಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Saint Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practising the acts of corporal works of mercy.

The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.[೧೮] In 2010, the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers said that the Church manages 26% of health care facilities in the world, including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, pharmacies and centres for those with leprosy.[೨೧೭]

Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services,[೨೧೮] as with orders such as the Sisters of Mercy, Little Sisters of the Poor, the Missionaries of Charity, the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament and the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul.[೨೧೯] The Catholic nun Mother Teresa of Calcutta, India, founder of the Missionaries of Charity, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work among India's poor.[೨೨೦] Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo won the same award in 1996 for "work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor".[೨೨೧]

The Church is also actively engaged in international aid and development through organisations such as Catholic Relief Services, Caritas International, Aid to the Church in Need, refugee advocacy groups such as the Jesuit Refugee Service and community aid groups such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society.[೨೨೨]

ಲೈಗಿಂಕ ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Allegory of chastity by Hans Memling

Sexuality is considered integral to a person's identity and ability to form lasting relationships. The Catholic Church calls all members to practise chastity according to their state in life. Chastity includes temperance, self-mastery, personal and cultural growth, and divine grace. It requires refraining from lust, masturbation, fornication, pornography, prostitution and, especially, rape. Chastity for those who are not married requires living in continence, abstaining from sexual activity; those who are married are called to conjugal chastity.[೨೨೩]

In the church's teaching, sexual activity is reserved to married couples, whether in a sacramental marriage among Christians, or in a natural marriage where one or both spouses are unbaptised. Even in romantic relationships, particularly engagement to marriage, partners are called to practise continence, in order to test mutual respect and fidelity.[೨೨೪] Chastity in marriage requires in particular conjugal fidelity and protecting the fecundity of marriage. The couple must foster trust and honesty as well as spiritual and physical intimacy. Sexual activity must always be open to the possibility of life;[೨೨೫] the church calls this the procreative significance. It must likewise always bring a couple together in love; the church calls this the unitive significance.[೨೨೬]

Contraception and certain other sexual practices are not permitted, although natural family planning methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason.[೨೨೭] Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown "obsessed" with issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage and contraception and has criticised the Catholic Church for placing dogma before love, and for prioritising moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalised.[೨೨೮][೨೨೯]

ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ ಮತ್ತು ಅನೂರ್ಜಿತತೆಯ ಘೋಷಣೆ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptised individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond.[೨೩೦] However, a declaration of nullity may be granted when proof is produced that essential conditions for contracting a valid marriage were absent from the beginning — in other words, that the marriage was not valid due to some impediment. A declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment, is a judgement on the part of an ecclesiastical tribunal determining that a marriage was invalidly attempted.[೨೩೧] In addition, marriages among unbaptised individuals may be dissolved with papal permission under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under Pauline or Petrine privilege.[೧೮೮][೧೮೯] An attempt at remarriage following divorce without a declaration of nullity places "the remarried spouse […] in a situation of public and permanent adultery". An innocent spouse who lives in continence following divorce, or couples who live in continence following a civil divorce for a grave cause, do not sin.[೨೩೨]

Worldwide, diocesan tribunals completed over 49000 cases for nullity of marriage in 2006. Over the past 30 years about 55 to 70% of annulments have occurred in the United States. The growth in annulments has been substantial; in the United States, 27,000 marriages were annulled in 2006, compared to 338 in 1968. However, approximately 200,000 married Catholics in the United States divorce each year; 10 million total as of 2006.[೨೩೩][note ೧೨] Divorce is increasing in some predominantly Catholic countries in Europe.[೨೩೫] In some predominantly Catholic countries, it is only in recent years that divorce was introduced (i.e. Italy (1970), Portugal (1975), ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್ (1977), Spain (1981), Ireland (1996), Chile (2004) and Malta (2011), while the Philippines and the Vatican City have no procedure for divorce. (The Philippines does, however, allow divorce for Muslims.)

ಗರ್ಭನಿರೋಧಣೆ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Pope Paul VI issued Humanae vitae on 25 July 1968

The church teaches that sexual intercourse should only take place between a married man and woman, and should be without the use of birth control or contraception. In his encyclical Humanae vitae[೨೩೬] (1968), Pope Paul VI firmly rejected all contraception, thus contradicting dissenters in the Church that saw the birth control pill as an ethically justifiable method of contraception, though he permitted the regulation of births by means of natural family planning. This teaching was continued especially by John Paul II in his encyclical Evangelium Vitae, where he clarified the Church's position on contraception, abortion and euthanasia by condemning them as part of a "culture of death" and calling instead for a "culture of life".[೨೩೭]

Many Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the Church's teaching on contraception.[೨೩೮] Catholics for Choice stated in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the Church's teaching on birth control.[೨೩೯] Use of natural family planning methods among United States Catholics purportedly is low, although the number cannot be known with certainty.[note ೧೩] As Catholic health providers are among the largest providers of services to patients with HIV/AIDS worldwide, there is significant controversy within and outside the church regarding the use of condoms as a means of limiting new infections, as condom use ordinarily constitutes prohibited contraceptive use.[೨೪೨]

Similarly, the Catholic Church opposes in vitrio fertilisation (IVF), saying that the artificial process replaces the love between a husband and wife.[೨೪೩] In addition, it opposes IVF because it might cause disposal of embryos; Catholics believe an embryo is an individual with a soul who must be treated as such.[೨೪೪] For this reason, the church also opposes abortion.[೨೪೫]

ಸಲಿಂಗಕಾಮ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The Catholic Church also teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity.[೨೪೬] According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church,

The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided…. Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection.[೨೪೭]

This part of the Catechism was quoted by Pope Francis in a 2013 press interview in which he remarked, when asked about an individual:

I think that when you encounter a person like this [the individual he was asked about], you must make a distinction between the fact of a person being gay from the fact of being a lobby, because lobbies, all are not good. That is bad. If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, well who am I to judge them?[೨೪೮]

This remark and others made in the same interview were seen as a change in the tone, but not in the substance of the teaching of the Church,[೨೪೯] which includes opposition to same-sex marriage.[೨೫೦] Certain dissenting Catholic groups oppose the position of the Catholic Church and seek to change it.[೨೫೧]

ಮಹಿಳೆ ಮತ್ತು ದೀಕ್ಷೆ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Women religious engage in a variety of occupations, from contemplative prayer, to teaching, to providing health care, to working as missionaries.[೨೧೮][೨೫೨] While Holy Orders are reserved for men, Catholic women have played diverse roles in the life of the church, with religious institutes providing a formal space for their participation and convents providing spaces for their self-government, prayer and influence through many centuries. Religious sisters and nuns have been extensively involved in developing and running the Church's worldwide health and education service networks.[೨೫೩]

Efforts in support of the ordination of women led to several rulings by the Roman Curia or Popes against the proposal, as in Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood (1976), Mulieris Dignitatem (1988) and Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (1994). According to the latest ruling, found in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, Pope John Paul II affirmed that the Catholic Church "does not consider herself authorized to admit women to priestly ordination."[೨೫೪] In defiance of these rulings, opposition groups such as Roman Catholic Womenpriests have performed ceremonies they affirm as sacramental ordinations (with, reputedly, an ordaining male Catholic bishop in the first few instances) which, according to canon law, are both illicit and invalid and considered mere simulations[೨೫೫] of the sacrament of ordination.[೨೫೬][note ೧೪] The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded by issuing a statement clarifying that any Catholic bishops involved in ordination ceremonies for women, as well as the women themselves if they were Catholic, would automatically receive the penalty of excommunication (latae sententiae, literally "with the sentence already applied", i.e. automatically), citing canon 1378 of canon law and other church laws.[೨೫೭]

ಲೈಂಗಿಕ ಕಿರುಕುಳ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

From the 1990s, the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and other church members has become the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage and public debate in countries around the world. The Catholic Church has been criticised for its handling of abuse complaints when it became known that some bishops had shielded accused priests, transferring them to other pastoral assignments where some continued to commit sexual offences.

In response to the scandal, formal procedures have been established to help prevent abuse, encourage the reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.[೨೫೮] In 2014, Pope Francis instituted the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors for the safeguarding of minors.[೨೫೯]

ಇತಿಹಾಸ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.
This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

The Christian religion is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, who lived and preached in the 1st century AD in the province of Judea of the Roman Empire. Catholic doctrine teaches that the contemporary Catholic Church is the continuation of this early Christian community established by Jesus.[೪] Christianity spread throughout the early Roman Empire, despite persecutions due to conflicts with the pagan state religion. Emperor Constantine legalised the practice of Christianity in 313, and it became the state religion in 380. Germanic invaders of Roman territory in the 5th and 6th centuries, many of whom had previously adopted Arian Christianity, eventually adopted Catholicism to ally themselves with the papacy and the monasteries.

In the 7th and 8th centuries, expanding Muslim conquests following the advent of Islam led to an Arab domination of the Mediterranean that severed political connections between that area and northern Europe, and weakened cultural connections between Rome and the Byzantine Empire. Conflicts involving authority in the church, particularly the authority of the Bishop of Rome finally culminated in the East–West Schism in the 11th century, splitting the Church into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Earlier splits within the Church occurred after the Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451). However, a few Eastern Churches remained in communion with Rome, and portions of some others established communion in the 15th century and later, forming what are called the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Early monasteries throughout Europe helped preserve Greek and Roman classical civilisation. The Church eventually became the dominant influence in Western civilisation into the modern age. Many Renaissance figures were sponsored by the church. The 16th century, however, began to see challenges to the Church, in particular to its religious authority, by figures in the Protestant Reformation, as well as in the 17th century by secular intellectuals in the Enlightenment. Concurrently, Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries spread the Church's influence through Africa, Asia, and the New World.

In 1870, the First Vatican Council declared the dogma of papal infallibility and the Kingdom of Italy annexed the city of Rome, the last portion of the Papal States to be incorporated into the new nation. In the 20th century, anti-clerical governments around the world, including Mexico and Spain, persecuted or executed thousands of clerics and laypersons. In the Second World War, the Church condemned Nazism, and protected hundreds of thousands of Jews from the Holocaust; its efforts, however, have been criticised as inadequate. After the war, freedom of religion was severely restricted in the Communist countries newly aligned with the Soviet Union, several of which had large Catholic populations.

In the 1960s, the Second Vatican Council led to reforms of the Church's liturgy and practices, described as "opening the windows" by defenders, but criticised by traditionalist Catholics. In the face of increased criticism from both within and without, the Church has upheld or reaffirmed at various times controversial doctrinal positions regarding sexuality and gender, including limiting clergy to males, and moral exhortations against abortion, contraception, sexual activity outside of marriage, remarriage following divorce without annulment, and against same-sex marriage.

ಅಪೋಸ್ತಲಿಕ ಯುಗ ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಪಾಸಿ(ಪೋಪ್ ಆಡಳಿತ)[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The New Testament, in particular the Gospels, records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the twelve Apostles and his Great Commission of the Apostles, instructing them to continue his work.[೧೦೨][೨೬೦] The book Acts of Apostles, tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman empire.[೨೬೧] The Catholic Church teaches that its public ministry began on Pentecost, occurring fifty days following the date Christ is believed to have resurrected.[೧೦೩] At Pentecost, the Apostles are believed to have received the Holy Spirit, preparing them for their mission in leading the church.[೨೬೨][೨೬೩] The Catholic Church teaches that the college of bishops, led by the Bishop of Rome are the successors to the Apostles.[೨೬೪]

In the account of the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew, Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built.[೨೬೫][೨೬೬] The Catholic Church considers the Bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor to Saint Peter.[೨೬೭] Some scholars state Peter was the first Bishop of Rome.[೨೬೮][note ೧೫] Others say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome.[೨೬೯] Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted,[೨೭೦] and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself.[೨೭೦] On this basis, Oscar Cullmann,[೨೭೧] Henry Chadwick,[೨೭೨] and Bart D. Ehrman[೨೭೩] question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy. Raymond E. Brown also says that it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of local bishop of Rome, but that Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died, and where Paul witnessed to the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal".[೨೭೦]

ಪ್ರಾಚೀನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ=[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Catholic Ecumenical Councils

Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's network of roads and waterways facilitated travel, and the Pax Romana made travelling safe. The empire encouraged the spread of a common culture with Greek roots, which allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood.[೨೭೪]

Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, however, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism (see Idolatry). The Christians' refusal to join pagan celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians—including government authorities—to fear that the Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. The resulting persecutions were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalised in the 4th century.[೨೭೫]

19th century drawing of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine.

In 313, Emperor Constantine I's Edict of Milan legalised Christianity, and in 330 Constantine moved the imperial capital to Constantinople, modern Istanbul, Turkey. In 380 the Edict of Thessalonica made Catholic Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire, a position that within the diminishing territory of the Byzantine Empire would persist until the empire itself ended in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, while elsewhere the church was independent of the empire, as became particularly clear with the East–West Schism. During the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils, five primary sees emerged, an arrangement formalised in the mid-6th century by Emperor Justinian I as the pentarchy of Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria.[೨೭೬][೨೭೭] In 451 the Council of Chalcedon, in a canon of disputed validity,[೨೭೮] elevated the see of Constantinople to a position "second in eminence and power to the bishop of Rome".[೨೭೯] From c. 350 to c. 500, the bishops, or popes, of Rome, steadily increased in authority through their consistent intervening in support of orthodox leaders in theological disputes, which encouraged appeals to them.[೨೮೦] Emperor Justinian, who in the areas under his control definitively established a form of caesaropapism,[೨೮೧] in which "he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church",[೨೮೨] reestablished imperial power over Rome and other parts of the West, initiating the period termed the Byzantine Papacy (537–752), during which the bishops of Rome, or popes, required approval from the emperor in Constantinople or from his representative in Ravenna for consecration, and most were selected by the emperor from his Greek-speaking subjects,[೨೮೩] resulting in a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions in art as well as liturgy.[೨೮೪]

Most of the Germanic tribes who in the following centuries invaded the Roman Empire had adopted Christianity in its Arian form, which the Catholic Church declared heretical.[೨೮೫] The resulting religious discord between Germanic rulers and Catholic subjects[೨೮೬] was avoided when, in 497, Clovis I, the Frankish ruler, converted to orthodox Catholicism, allying himself with the papacy and the monasteries.[೨೮೭] The Visigoths in Spain followed his lead in 589,[೨೮೮] and the Lombards in Italy in the course of the 7th century.[೨೮೯]

Western Christianity, particularly through its monasteries, was a major factor in preserving classical civilisation, with its art (see Illuminated manuscript) and literacy.[೨೯೦][೨೯೧] Through his Rule, Benedict of Nursia (c.480–543), one of the founders of Western monasticism, exerted an enormous influence on European culture through the appropriation of the monastic spiritual heritage of the early Church and, with the spread of the Benedictine tradition, through the preservation and transmission of ancient culture. During this period, monastic Ireland became a centre of learning and early Irish missionaries such as St Columbanus and St Columba spread Christianity and established monasteries across continental Europe.[೧]

The massive Islamic invasions of the mid-7th century began a long struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The Byzantine Empire soon lost the lands of the eastern patriarchates of Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch and was reduced to that of Constantinople, the empire's capital. As a result of Islamic domination of the Mediterranean, the Frankish state, centred away from that sea, was able to evolve as the dominant power that shaped the Western Europe of the Middle Ages.[೨೯೨] The battles of Toulouse and Poitiers halted the Islamic advance in the West and the failed Siege of Constantinople halted it in the East. Two or three decades later, in 751, the Byzantine Empire lost to the Lombards the city of Ravenna from which it governed the small fragments of Italy, including Rome, that acknowledged its sovereignty. The fall of Ravenna meant that confirmation by a no longer existent exarch was not asked for during the election in 752 of Pope Stephen II and that the papacy was forced to look elsewhere for a civil power to protect it.[೨೯೩] In 754, at the urgent request of Pope Stephen, the Frankish king Pepin the Short conquered the Lombards. He then gifted the lands of the former exarchate to the pope, thus initiating the Papal States. Rome and the Byzantine East would delve into further conflict during the Photian schism of the 860s, when Photius criticised the Latin west of adding of the filioque clause after being excommunicated by Nicholas I. Though the schism was reconciled, unresolved issues would lead to further division.[೨೯೪]

ಮಧ್ಯಯುಗ ಮತ್ತು ನವೋದಯದ ಅವಧಿಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Catholic philosophy

The Catholic Church was the dominant influence on Western civilisation from Late Antiquity to the dawn of the modern age.[೨] It was the primary sponsor of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque styles in art, architecture and music.[೨೯೫] Renaissance figures such as Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini and Caravaggio are examples of the numerous visual artists sponsored by the Church.[೨೯೬]

In the 11th century, the efforts of Hildebrand of Sovana led to the creation of the College of Cardinals to elect new popes, starting with Pope Alexander II in the papal election of 1061. When Alexander II died, Hildebrand was elected to succeed him, as Pope Gregory VII. The basic election system of the College of Cardinals which Gregory VII helped establish has continued to function into the 21st century. Pope Gregory VII further initiated the Gregorian Reforms regarding the independence of the clergy from secular authority. This led to the Investiture Controversy between the church and the Holy Roman Emperors, over which had the authority to appoint bishops and popes.[೨೯೭][೨೯೮]

In 1095, Byzantine emperor Alexius I appealed to Pope Urban II for help against renewed Muslim invasions in the Byzantine–Seljuk Wars,[೨೯೯] which caused Urban to launch the First Crusade aimed at aiding the Byzantine Empire and returning the Holy Land to Christian control.[೩೦೦] In the 11th century, strained relations between the primarily Greek church and the Latin Church separated them in the East–West Schism, partially due to conflicts over papal authority. The Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach.[೩೦೧]

The Renaissance period was a golden age for Roman Catholic art. Pictured: the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

In the early 13th century mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán. The studia conventualia and studia generalia of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of Church sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of Charlemagne at Aachen, into the prominent universities of Europe.[೩೦೨] Scholastic theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' Summa Theologica was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the content of Christian revelation.[೩೦೩]

A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, Clement V in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of Avignon in southern France[೩೦೪] during a period known as the Avignon Papacy. The Avignon Papacy ended in 1376 when the pope returned to Rome,[೩೦೫] but was followed in 1378 by the 38-year-long Western schism with claimants to the papacy in Rome, Avignon and (after 1409) Pisa.[೩೦೫] The matter was finally resolved in 1417 at the Council of Constance where the cardinals called upon all three claimants to the papal throne to resign, and held a new election naming Martin V pope.[೩೦೬]

In 1438, the Council of Florence convened, which featured a strong dialogue focussed on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.[೩೦೭] Several eastern churches reunited, forming the Eastern Catholic Churches.[೩೦೮]

ಅವಿಷ್ಕಾರದ ಯುಗ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The Age of Discovery beginning in the 15th century saw the expansion of Western Europe's political and cultural influence worldwide. Because of the prominent role the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal played in Western Colonialism, Catholicism was spread to the Americas, Asia and Oceania by explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries, as well as by the transformation of societies through the socio-political mechanisms of colonial rule. Pope Alexander VI had awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal[೩೦೯] and the ensuing patronato system allowed state authorities, not the Vatican, to control all clerical appointments in the new colonies.[೩೧೦] In 1521 the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan made the first Catholic converts in the Philippines.[೩೧೧] Elsewhere, Portuguese missionaries under the Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier evangelised in India, China, and Japan.[೩೧೨]

ಪ್ರೊಸ್ಟೆಟಂಟ್ ಸುಧಾರಣೆ ಮತ್ತು and ಪ್ರತಿ-ಸುಧಾರಣೆಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church in 1517

In 1517, Martin Luther, an Augustinian friar in Germany, sent his Ninety-Five Theses to several bishops.[೩೧೩] His theses protested key points of Catholic doctrine as well as the sale of indulgences.[೩೧೩][೩೧೪] In Switzerland, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers further criticised Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the European movement called the Protestant Reformation, which gave birth to a variety of Christian denominations known today collectively as Protestantism.[೩೧೫] The English Reformation during the reign of Henry VIII began as a political dispute. When the pope denied Henry's petition for a declaration of nullity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, he had the Acts of Supremacy passed, making him head of Church of England, forming Protestant Anglicanism.[೩೧೬]

The Reformation led to clashes between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the Thirty Years' War—which broke out in 1618.[೩೧೭] In France, a series of conflicts termed the French Wars of Religion was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the Huguenots (French Calvinists) and the forces of the French Catholic League. A series of popes sided with and became financial supporters of the Catholic League.[೩೧೮] This ended under Pope Clement VIII, who hesitantly accepted King Henry IV's 1598 Edict of Nantes, which granted civil and religious toleration to French Protestants.[೩೧೭][೩೧೮]

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed central Catholic teachings such as transubstantiation and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation.[೩೧೯] In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment.[೩೨೦]

ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಆಧುನಿಕ ಯುಗ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Modern persecutions of the Catholic Church

Ruins of the Jesuit Reduction at São Miguel das Missões in Brazil

From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.[೩೨೧] In the 18th century, writers such as Voltaire and the Encyclopédistes wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV of France, which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. The French Revolution of 1789 brought about a shifting of powers from the Church to the State, destruction of churches and the establishment of a Cult of Reason.[೩೨೨] In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte's General Louis Alexandre Berthier invaded Italy, imprisoning Pope Pius VI, who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the Concordat of 1801.[೩೨೩] The end of the Napoleonic Wars brought Catholic revival and the return of the Papal States.[೩೨೪]

In 1854, Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as a dogma.[೩೨೫] In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements.[೩೨೬][೩೨೭] Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church.[೩೨೮]

Italian unification of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the Kingdom of Italy, thus ending the papacy's millennial temporal power. The pope rejected the Italian Law of Guarantees, which granted him special privileges, and to avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities remained a "prisoner in the Vatican".[೩೨೯] This stand-off, which was spoken of as the Roman Question, was resolved by the 1929 Lateran Treaties, whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States and Italy recognised papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.[೩೩೦]

ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

A number of anti-clerical governments emerged in the 20th century.

The 1926 Calles Law separating church and state in Mexico led to the Cristero War[೩೩೧] in which over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,[೩೩೨] churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped and captured priests shot.[೩೩೧] Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, persecution of the Church and Catholics in the Soviet Union continued into the 1930s with the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements and closure of churches.[೩೩೩][೩೩೪] In the 1936–39 Spanish Civil War, the Catholic hierarchy allied itself with Franco's Nationalists against the Popular Front government,[೩೩೫] citing Republican violence against the Church.[೩೩೬][೩೩೭] Pope Pius XI referred to these three countries as a "terrible triangle".[೩೩೮][೩೩೯]

After violations of the 1933 Reichskonkordat between the Church and Nazi Germany, Pope Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge which publicly condemned the Nazis' persecution of the Church and their ideology of neopaganism and racial superiority.[೩೪೦][೩೪೧][೩೪೨] The Church condemned the 1939 invasion of Poland that started World War II and other subsequent wartime Nazi invasions.[೩೪೩] Thousands of Catholic priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned and murdered throughout the countries occupied by the Nazis, including Saints Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein.[೩೪೪] While Pope Pius XII has been credited with helping to save hundreds of thousands of Jews in the Holocaust,[೩೪೫][೩೪೬] the Church has also been accused of encouraging centuries of antisemitism[೩೪೭] and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.[೩೪೮]

Postwar Communist governments in Eastern Europe severely restricted religious freedoms.[೩೪೯] Although some priests and religious collaborated with Communist regimes,[೩೫೦] many were imprisoned, deported or executed and the Church was an important player in the fall of Communism in Europe.[೩೫೧] In 1949, Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.[೩೫೨] The new government also created the Patriotic Church whose unilaterally appointed bishops were initially rejected by Rome before many of them were accepted.[೩೫೩] In the 1960s, the Cultural Revolution saw the closure of all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic pastors and priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.[೩೫೪]

ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ಸಮಿತಿ(ಸಮಾವೇಶ)[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent four centuries before.[೩೫೫] Initiated by Pope John XXIII, this ecumenical council modernised the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the vernacular (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations".[೩೫೬] It intended to engage the Church more closely with the present world (aggiornamento), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows".[೩೫೭] In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the Church's approach to ecumenism,[೩೫೮] and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document Nostra aetate.[೩೫೯]

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the "Spirit of Vatican II" such as Swiss theologian Hans Küng said that Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies.[೩೬೦] Traditionalist Catholics, such as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, however, strongly criticised the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues.[೩೬೧] Several teachings of the Catholic Church came under increased scrutiny both concurrent with and following the council; among those teachings was the church's teaching regarding the immorality of contraception. The recent introduction of hormonal contraception (including "the pill"), which were believed by some to be morally different than previous methods, prompted John XXIII to form a committee to advise him of the moral and theological issues with the new method.[೩೬೨][೩೬೩] Paul VI later expanded the committee's scope to freely examine all methods, and the committee's unreleased final report was rumoured to suggest permitting at least some methods of contraception. Paul did not agree with the arguments presented, and eventually issued Humanae vitae, saying it upheld the constant teaching of the church against contraception, expressly including hormonal methods as prohibited.[note ೧೬] A large negative response to this documentಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:From whom? followed its release.[೩೬೪]

ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಜೋನ್ ಪೌಲ್[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

Pope John Paul II with US President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982

In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly Archbishop of Kraków in then-Communist Poland, became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 27-year pontificate was one of the longest in history.[೩೬೫] Mikhail Gorbachev, the president of the Soviet Union, credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of Communism in Europe.[೩೬೬]

John Paul sought to evangelise an increasingly secular world. He instituted World Youth Day as a "worldwide encounter with the pope" for young people which is now held every two to three years.[೩೬೭] He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,[೩೬೮] and used television and radio as means of spreading the Church's teachings. He also emphasised the dignity of work and natural rights of labourers to have fair wages and safe conditions in Laborem exercens,[೩೬೯] and also emphasised several church teachings, including moral exhortations against abortion, euthanasia, and against widespread use of the death penalty, in Evangelium Vitae.[೩೭೦]

ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೊಂದನೆ ಶತಮಾನ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under John Paul, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional Christian values against secularisation,[೩೭೧] and for liberalising use of the Tridentine Mass as found in the Roman Missal of 1962.[೩೭೨] In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the Synod of Bishops discussed re-evangelising lapsed Catholics in the developed world.[೩೭೩] Benedict resigned due to advanced age in 2013, the first pope to do so in nearly six hundred years.[೩೭೪]

Pope Francis succeeded Benedict in 2013. In 2014, the Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in "irregular" relationships, such as those who divorced and remarried outside of the church without a declaration of nullity.[೩೭೫][೩೭೬]

ಮುಂದೆ ನೋಡಿ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Portal

ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

  1. While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.[೫][೬]
  2. ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:CCC
  3. Lorenzo Valla, an Italian Catholic priest and Renaissance humanist, is credited with first exposing the forgery of The Declaration of Constantine with solid philological arguments in 1439–1440,[೨೭] although the document's authenticity had been repeatedly contested since 1001.[೨೮]
  4. Examples uses of "Roman Catholic": the encyclicals Divini Illius Magistri Archived ೨೩ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೦ at the Wayback Machine of Pope Pius XI and Humani generis of Pope Pius XII; joint declarations signed by Pope Benedict XVI with Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams on 23 November 2006 and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople on 30 November 2006.
  5. Example use of "Roman" Catholic by a bishop's conference: The Baltimore Catechism, an official catechism authorised by the Catholic bishops of the United States, states: "That is why we are called Roman Catholics; to show that we are united to the real successor of St Peter" (Question 118) and refers to the Church as the "Roman Catholic Church" under Questions 114 and 131 (Baltimore Catechism).
  6. The last resignation occurred on 28 February 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI retired, citing ill health in his advanced age. The next most recent resignation occurred in 1415, as part of the Council of Constance's resolution of the Avignon Papacy.[೪೧]
  7. In 1992, the Vatican clarified the 1983 Code of Canon Law removed the requirement that altar servers be male; permission to use female altar servers within a diocese is at the discretion of the bishop.[೭೨]
  8. Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the Second Council of Lyon (1274); Council of Florence (1439); as well as the Council of Trent (1547)[೧೩೫]
  9. For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the side bar in the "Worship and liturgy".
  10. Marriages involving unbaptised individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under Pauline or Petrine privilege.[೧೮೮][೧೮೯]
  11. The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a pastoral provision for former members of the Episcopal Church (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.
  12. With regard to divorce in the United States, according to the Barna Group, among all who have been married, 33% have been divorced at least once; among American Catholics, 28% (the study did not track religious annulments).[೨೩೪]
  13. Regarding use of Natural Family Planning, in 2002, 24% of the U.S. population identified as Catholic,[೨೪೦] but according to a 2002 study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, of sexually active Americans avoiding pregnancy, only 1.5% were using NFP.[೨೪೧]
  14. According to Roman Catholic Womanpriests: "The principal consecrating Roman Catholic male bishop who ordained our first women bishops is a bishop with apostolic succession within the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the pope."[೨೫೬]
  15.  Joyce, George (1913). "The Pope" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |HIDE_PARAMETER4=, |HIDE_PARAMETERq=, |HIDE_PARAMETER20=, |HIDE_PARAMETER5=, |HIDE_PARAMETER8=, |HIDE_PARAMETER7=, |HIDE_PARAMETER6=, |HIDE_PARAMETER9=, and |HIDE_PARAMETER1= (help)
    Regarding Peter as the first Bishop of Rome, "It is not, however, difficult to show that the fact of his [Peter's] bishopric is so well attested as to be historically certain. In considering this point, it will be well to begin with the third century, when references to it become frequent, and work backwards from this point. In the middle of the third century St. Cyprian expressly terms the Roman See the Chair of St. Peter, saying that Cornelius has succeeded to "the place of Fabian which is the place of Peter" (Ep 55:8; cf. 59:14). Firmilian of Caesarea notices that Stephen claimed to decide the controversy regarding rebaptism on the ground that he held the succession from Peter (Cyprian, Ep. 75:17). He does not deny the claim: yet certainly, had he been able, he would have done so. Thus in 250 the Roman episcopate of Peter was admitted by those best able to know the truth, not merely at Rome but in the churches of Africa and of Asia Minor. In the first quarter of the century (about 220) Tertullian (De Pud. 21) mentions Callistus's claim that Peter's power to forgive sins had descended in a special manner to him. Had the Roman Church been merely founded by Peter and not reckoned him as its first bishop, there could have been no ground for such a contention. Tertullian, like Firmilian, had every motive to deny the claim. Moreover, he had himself resided at Rome, and would have been well aware if the idea of a Roman episcopate of Peter had been, as is contended by its opponents, a novelty dating from the first years of the third century, supplanting the older tradition according to which Peter and Paul were co-founders, and Linus first bishop. About the same period, Hippolytus (for Lightfoot is surely right in holding him to be the author of the first part of the "Liberian Catalogue" — "Clement of Rome", 1:259) reckons Peter in the list of Roman bishops...."[೨೬೮]
  16. While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider Natural Family Planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.

ಆಧಾರಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

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  140. ೧೪೦.೦ ೧೪೦.೧ "CoCC 291". Vatican.va. To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  141. ೧೪೧.೦ ೧೪೧.೧ Kreeft, p. 326
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    "He [the Holy Spirit] is essentially the Spirit of truth (John 14:16–17; 15:26), Whose office it is to ...to teach the Apostles the full meaning of it [of the truth] (John 14:26; 16:13). With these Apostles He will abide for ever (John 14:16). Having descended on them at Pentecost, He will guide them in their work (Acts 8:29)...
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ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

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ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ]

ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Catholicism