ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ: ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ
intro, list (unfinished) |
ಚು ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ - ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸಲಾಗಿ� |
( ಯಾವುದೇ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸವಿಲ್ಲ )
|
೧೯:೦೫, ೯ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೦೯ ನಂತೆ ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆ
ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯು ವಾರ್ಷಿಕವಾಗಿ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಧನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ರಾಯಲ್ ಸ್ವೀಡಿಷ್ ಅಕ್ಯಾಡಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್ ನೀಡುವ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ. ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಅವರು ೧೮೯೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಉಯಿಲಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ೫ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೂ ಒಂದು.
ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರು
ವರ್ಷ | ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರು[A] | ದೇಶ[B] | ಕಾರಣ[C] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | ಜಾಕೊಬಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕಸ್ ವಾಂಟ್ ಹೊಫ್ | ನೆದರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[೧] | |
1902 | ಹೆರ್ಮನ್ ಎಮಿಲ್ ಫಿಷರ್ | ಜರ್ಮನಿ | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[೨] | |
1903 | ಸ್ವಾಂಟೆ ಅರ್ಹೇನಿಯಸ್ | ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[೩] | |
1904 | ಸರ್ ವಿಲಿಯಮ್ ರಾಮ್ಸೆ | ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್ | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[೪] | |
1905 | ಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ವಾನ್ ಬಾಯರ್ | ಜರ್ಮನಿ | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[೫] | |
1906 | ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಮೊಯ್ಸಾನ್ | ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[೬] | |
1907 | ಎಡ್ವಾರ್ಡ್ ಬುಕ್ನರ್ | ಜರ್ಮನಿ | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[೭] | |
1908 | ಅರ್ನೆಸ್ಟ್ ರುದರ್ಫೋರ್ಡ್ | ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್ ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ |
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[೮] | |
1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[೯] | |
1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[೧೦] | |
1911 | Marie Curie, née Sklodowska | Poland | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[೧೧] | |
1912 | Victor Grignard | France | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[೧೨] | |
Paul Sabatier | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[೧೨] | ||
1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[೧೩] | |
1914 | Theodore William Richards | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[೧೪] | |
1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[೧೫] | |
1916 | Not awarded | |||
1917 | Not awarded | |||
1918 | Fritz Haber | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[೧೬] | |
1919 | Not awarded | |||
1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[೧೭] | |
1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[೧೮] | |
1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[೧೯] | |
1923 | Fritz Pregl | Austria | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[೨೦] | |
1924 | Not awarded | |||
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[೨೧] | |
1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems"[೨೨] | |
1927 | ಚಿತ್ರ:Heinrich-wieland-2.JPG | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[೨೩] |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[೨೪] | |
1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[೨೫] | |
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Germany | |||
1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[೨೬] | |
1931 | Carl Bosch | Germany | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[೨೭] | |
Friedrich Bergius | Germany | |||
1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[೨೮] | |
1933 | Not awarded | |||
1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[೨೯] | |
1935 | Frédéric Joliot | France | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[೩೦] | |
Irene Joliot-Curie | Irene Joliot-Curie | France | ||
1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[೩೧] | |
1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[೩೨] | |
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | ||
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[೩೩] | |
1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany | "for his work on sex hormones"[೩೪] | |
Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[೩೪] | ||
1940 | Not awarded | |||
1941 | Not awarded | |||
1942 | Not awarded | |||
1943 | George de Hevesy | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[೩೫] | |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[೩೬] | |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[೩೭] | |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[೩೮] | |
John Howard Northrop | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[೩೯] | ||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | |||
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[೪೦] | |
1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[೪೧] | |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[೪೨] | |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[೪೩] | |
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[೪೪] | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | |||
1952 | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography"[೪೫] | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | |||
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[೪೬] | |
1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[೪೭] | |
1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[೪೮] | |
1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[೪೯] | |
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | USSR | |||
1957 | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[೫೦] | |
1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[೫೧] | |
1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[೫೨] | |
1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[೫೩] | |
1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[೫೪] | |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[೫೫] | |
John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | |||
1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[೫೬] | |
Giulio Natta | Italy | |||
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[೫೭] | |
1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[೫೮] | |
1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[೫೯] | |
1967 | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[೬೦] | |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | |||
George Porter | United Kingdom | |||
1968 | Lars Onsager | United States | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[೬೧] | |
1969 | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[೬೨] | |
Odd Hassel | Norway | |||
1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[೬೩] | |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[೬೪] | |
1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[೬೫] | |
Stanford Moore | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[೬೫] | ||
William H. Stein | United States | |||
1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[೬೬] | |
Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | |||
1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[೬೭] | |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[೬೮] | |
Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[೬೮] | ||
1976 | William N. Lipscomb | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[೬೯] | |
1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[೭೦] | |
1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[೭೧] | |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[೭೨] | |
Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1980 | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[೭೩] | |
Walter Gilbert | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[೭೩] | ||
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | |||
1981 | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[೭೪] | |
Roald Hoffmann | United States | |||
1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[೭೫] | |
1983 | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[೭೬] | |
1984 | ಚಿತ್ರ:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[೭೭] |
1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[೭೮] | |
Jerome Karle | United States | |||
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[೭೯] | |
Yuan T. Lee | United States | |||
John C. Polanyi | Canada | |||
1987 | Donald J. Cram | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[೮೦] | |
Jean-Marie Lehn | France | |||
Charles J. Pedersen | United States | |||
1988 | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[೮೧] | |
Robert Huber | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1989 | Sidney Altman | Canada United States |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[೮೨] | |
Thomas R. Cech | United States | |||
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[೮೩] | |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[೮೪] | |
1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[೮೫] | |
1993 | Kary B. Mullis | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[೮೬] | |
Michael Smith | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[೮೬] | ||
1994 | George A. Olah | United States | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[೮೭] | |
1995 | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[೮೮] | |
Mario J. Molina | Mario J. Molina | United States | ||
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | |||
1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes"[೮೯] | |
Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | |||
Richard E. Smalley | United States | |||
1997 | Paul D. Boyer | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[೯೦] | |
John E. Walker | United Kingdom | |||
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[೯೦] | ||
1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory"[೯೧] | |
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[೯೧] | ||
1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail | Egypt United States |
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[೯೨] | |
2000 | Alan J. Heeger | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[೯೩] | |
Alan G MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | |||
Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | |||
2001 | William S. Knowles | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[೯೪] | |
Ryoji Noyori | Japan | |||
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[೯೫] | ||
2002 | John B. Fenn | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[೯೬] | |
Koichi Tanaka | Japan | |||
Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[೯೬] | ||
2003 | Peter Agre | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[೯೭] | |
Roderick MacKinnon | Roderick MacKinnon | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[೯೭] | |
2004 | Aaron Ciechanover | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[೯೮] | |
Avram Hershko | Israel | |||
Irwin Rose | United States | |||
2005 | Yves Chauvin | France | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[೯೯] | |
Robert H. Grubbs | United States | |||
Richard R. Schrock | United States | |||
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[೧೦೦] | |
2007 | Gerhard Ertl | Germany | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[೧೦೧] | |
2008 | Osamu Shimomura | United States[೧೦೨] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[೧೦೩] | |
Martin Chalfie | United States | |||
Roger Y. Tsien | United States | |||
2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | India, United Kingdom | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[೧೦೪] | |
Thomas A. Steitz | United States | |||
Ada E. Yonath | Israel |
ಮೂಲಗಳು
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೧೨.೦ ೧೨.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೩೪.೦ ೩೪.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೬೫.೦ ೬೫.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೬೮.೦ ೬೮.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೭೩.೦ ೭೩.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೮೬.೦ ೮೬.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೯೦.೦ ೯೦.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೯೧.೦ ೯೧.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೯೬.೦ ೯೬.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ ೯೭.೦ ೯೭.೧ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2009-10-07.